The word length includes references in Harvard Style. Students are allowed to write 10% or 250 words more (but not less) than the allotted word length without penalty to their grade. It is expected that at least eight academic references are cited in the essay and referenced in the bibliography, including four external references not in the course outline, such as books and journal articles. One or two of the external references may be from non-academic sources such as an official publication, and a newspaper or magazine article. Core Texts: Cornell, S and Hartmann, D 2007, Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World, 2nd edition, Pine Forge Press, London. Loyal, S 2011, Understanding Immigration in Ireland: State, Capital and Labour in a Global Age, Manchester University Press, Manchester.